Physical Chemistry: [40 teaching hours]
Unit-1. Volumetric Analysis : 8 teaching hours
Introduction to gravimetric analysis, volumetric analysis and equivalent weight ; Relationship between equivalent weight, atomic weight and valency; Equivalent weight of compounds (acid, base, salt, oxidizing and reducing agents) ; Concentration of solution and its units in terms of: Percentage, g/L, molarity, molality, normality and formality, ppm and ppb ; Primary and secondary standard substances ; Law of equivalence and normality equation ; Titration and its types: Acid-base titration, redox titration ( related numerical problems)
Unit 2. Ionic Equilibrium : 10 teaching hours
Introduction to Acids and Bases ; Limitation of Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases ; Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases; Relative strength of acids and bases ; Conjugate acid -base pairs ; Lewis definition of acids and bases ; Ionization of weak electrolyte (Ostwald's dilution law) ; Ionic product of water(Kw) ; Dissociation constant of acid and base, (Ka& Kb) ; Concept of pKa and pKb ; pH value: pH of strong and weak acids, pH of strong and weak bases ; Solubility and solubility product principle ; Common Ion effect ; Application of solubility product principle and common ion effect in precipitation reactions ; Buffer solution and its application ; Indicators and selection of indicators in acid base titration; Types of salts: Acidic salts, basic salts, simple salts, complex salts (introduction and examples); Hydrolysis of salts : Salts of strong acid and strong base , Salts of weak acid and strong base , Salts of weak base and strong acid (solving related numerical problems)
Unit 3. Chemical Kinetics : 7 teaching hours
Introduction ; Rate of reactions: Average and instantaneous rate of reactions ; Rate law and its expressions ; Rate constant and its unit and significance; Order and molecularity ; Integrated rate equation for zero and first order reaction ; Half-life of zero and first order reactions ; Collision theory, concept of activation energy and activated complex ; Factors affecting rate of reactions: Effect of concentration, temperature (Arrhenius Equation) and effect of catalyst ( energy profile diagram) ; Catalysis and types of catalysis: homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysis (solving related numerical problems based on rate, rate constant and order of zero and first order reactions)
Unit 4. Ther1nodynamics : 8hrs Introduction ; Energy in chemical reactions ; Internal energy ; First law of thermodynamics ; Enthalpy and enthalpy changes: Endothermic and exothermic processes) ; Enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of combustion ; Laws of thermochemistry (Laplace Law and Hess's law); Entropy and spontaneity ; Second law of thermodynamics ; Gibbs' free energy and prediction of spontaneity ; Relationship between dG and equilibrium constant (Solving related numerical problems)
Unit 5. Electrochemistry : 7hrs Electrode potential and standard electrode potential; Types of electrodes: Standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrodes ; Electrochemical series and its applications ; Voltaic cell: Zn-Cu cell, Ag- Cu cell ; Cell potential and standard cell potential ; Relationship between cell potential and free energy ; Commercial batteries and fuel cells (hydrogen/oxygen)
Inorganic Chemistry : 20 teaching hours.
Unit 6.Transition Metals : 5 teaching hours
Introduction ; Characteristics of transition metals ; Oxidation states of transition metals ; Complex ions and metal complexes ; Shapes of complex ions ; d-orbitals in complex ions (simple explanation by crystal field theory) for octahedral complex ; Reasons for the color of transition metal compounds ; Catalytic properties of transition metals
Unit 7. Studies of Heavy Metals : 15 teaching hours
7.1 Copper: Occurrence and extraction of copper from copper pyrite ; Properties ( with air, acids, aqueous ammonia and metal ions) and uses of copper ; Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of blue vitriol ; Other compounds of copper (red oxide and black oxide of copper) formula and uses only
7.2 Zinc : Occurrence and extraction of zinc from zinc blende; Properties (with air, acid, alkali, displacement reaction) and uses of zinc ; Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of white vitriol
7.3 Mercury : Occurrence and extraction of mercury from cinnabar ; Properties of mercury ; Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of calomel and corrosive sublimate
7.4, Iron : Occurrence and extractio1 n of iron ; Properties and uses of iron ; Manufacture of steel by Basic Oxygen Method and Open Hearth Process ; Corrosion of iron and its prevention
7.5, Silver : Occurrence and extraction of silver by cyanide process ; Preparation and uses of silver ,chloride and silver nitrate.
Organic Chemistry : 55 teaching hours.
Unit 8. Haloalkanes : 8 teaching hours
Introduction ; Nomenclature, isomerism and classification of monohaloalkanes ; Preparation of monohaloalkanes from alkanes, alkenes and alcohols ; Physical properties of monohaloalkanes ; Chemical properties, substitution reactions SN 1 and SN 2 reactions (basic concept only) ; Formation of alcohol, nitrile, amine, ether, thioether, carbylamines, nitrite and nitro alkane using haloalkanes ; Elimination reaction ( dehydrohalogenation-Saytzeff s rule), Reduction reactions, Wurtz reaction ; Preparation of trichloromethane from ethanol and propanone ; Chemical properties of trichloromethane: oxidation, reduction, action on silver powder, cone. nitric acid, propanone, and aqueous alkali.
Unit 9. Haloarenes : 3 teaching hours
Introduction; Nomenclature and isomerism of haloarenes ; Preparation of chlorobenzene from benzene and benzene diazonium chloride ; Physical properties ; Chemical properties : Low reactivity of haloarenes as compared to haloalkanes in term of nucleophilic substitution reaction , Reduction of chlorobenzene , Electrophilic substitution reactions , Action with Na (Fittig and Wurtz- Fittig reaction) ; Action with chloral; Uses of haloarenes.
Unit 10. Alcohols : 7 teaching hours
Introduction; Nomenclature; isomerism and classification of monohydric alcohol ; Distinction of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols by Victor Meyer's Method ; Preparation of monohydric alcohols from Haloalkane, primary amines, and esters ; Industrial preparation alcohol from: oxo process, hydroboration-oxidation of ethene & fermentation of sugar ; Definition of common terms: Absolute alcohol, power alcohol, denatured alcohol (methylated spirit), rectified spirit; alcoholic beverage ; Physical properties monohydric alcohols ; Chemical properties of monohydric alcohols : Reaction with HX, PX3, PC15, SOC12 ; Action with reactive metals like Na, K, Li; Dehydration of alcohols; Oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol with mild oxidizing agents like acidified KMnO4 or ¾Cr2 0 7 ; Catalytic dehydrogenation of 10 and 20 alcohol and dehydration of 3° alcohol.; Esterification reaction ; Test of ethanol.
Unit 11. Phenols : 4 teaching hours
Introduction and nomenclature ; Preparation of phenol from i. chlorobenzene ii. Diazonium salt and iii. benzene sulphonic acid ; Physical properties of phenol ; Chemical properties : Acidic nature of phenol ( comparison with alcohol and water) ; Action with NH3, Zn, Na, benzene diazonium chloride and phthalic anhydride; Acylation reaction, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann's reaction ; Electrophilic substitution: nitration, sulphonation, brominaiton and Friedal-Craft's alkylation ; Test of phenol: (FeCl3 test, aq. Bromine test & Libermann test); Uses of phenol.
Unit 12. Ethers : 2 teaching hours
Introduction; Nomenclature, classification and isomerism of ethers ; Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic ethers from Williamson's synthesis ; Physical properties of ether ; Chemical properties of ethoxyethane: action with HI, Cone. HCl, Cone. H2S04, air and Cl2 , Uses of ethers
Unit 13. aldehydes and Ketones : 10 teaching hours
Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism ; Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from: Dehydrogenation and oxidation of alcohol, Ozonolysis of alkenes, Acid chloride, Gem dihaloalkane, Catalytic hydration of alkynes ; Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones ; Chemical properties ; Structure and nature of carbonyl group ; Distinction between aldehyde and ketones by using 2,4- DNP reagent, Tollen's reagent, Fehling's solution ; Addition reaction: addition of H2 , HCN and NaHSO3 13.1.4.4 Action of aldehyde and ketone with ammonia derivatives; NH2OH, NH2 -NH2 , phenyl hydrazine, semicarbazide ; Aldol condensation ; Cannizzaro's reaction; Clemmensen's reduction 13.1.4.8 Wolf-Kishner reduction; Action with PC15 and action with LiAlH4 ; Action of methanal with ammonia and phenol ; Formalin and its uses . Aromatic aldehydes and Ketones : Preparation of benzaldehyde from toluene and acetophenone from benzene ; Properties of benzaldehyde ; Perkin condensation ; Benzoin condensation ; Cannizzaro's reaction; Electrophilic substitution reaction.
Unit 14. Carboxylic Acid and its Derivatives : 9 teaching hours
Aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids : Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism ; Preparation of monocarboxylic acids from: aldehydes, nitriles, dicarboxylic acid, sodium alkoxide and trihaloalkanes ; Preparation of benzoic acid from alkyl benzene ; Physical properties of monocarboxylic acids ; Chemical properties: Action with alkalies, metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal bicarbonates, PC13, LiAIH4 and dehydration of carboxylic acid ; Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction; Electrophilic substitution reaction of benzoic acid bromination, nitration and sulphonation) ; Effect of constituents on the acidic strength of carboxylic acid ; Abnormal behaviour of methanoic acid Derivatives of Carboxylic acids (acid halides, amides, esters and anhydrides) : Preparation of acid derivatives from carboxylic acid ; Comparative physical properties of acid derivatives; Comparative chemical properties of acid derivatives (hydrolysis, ammonolysis, amines (RNH2), alcoholysis, and reduction only); Claisen condensation; Hofmann bromamide reaction ; Amphoteric nature of amide ; Relative reactivity of acid derivatives.
Unit 15. Nitro compounds : 3 teaching hours
Nitroalkanes : Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism ; Preparation from haloalkane and alkane ; Physical properties ; Chemic.al properties: Reduction ; Nitrobenzene : Preparation from benzene ; Physical properties ; Chemical properties : Reduction in different media ; Electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration, sulphonation & bromination) ; ·uses of nitro-compounds.
Unit 16. Amines : 7 teaching hours
Aliphatic amines : Introduction, nomenclature, classification and isomerism ; Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann's method; Preparation of primary amines from haloalkane, nitriles, nitroalkanes and amides ; Physical properties ; Chemical properties: basicity of amines, comparative study of basic nature of 1°, 2° and 3° amines; Reaction of primary amines with chloroform, cone. HCl, R-X, RCOX and nitrous acid (NaNO2 / HCl); Test of 1°, 2° and 3° amines (nitrous acid test) Aromatic amine (Aniline) : Preparation of aniline from nitrobenzene, phenol ; Physical properties; Chemical properties: basicity of aniline, comparison of basic nature of aniline with aliphatic amines and ammonia, alkylation, acylation, diazotization, carbylamine and coupling reaction, electrophilic substitution: Nitration sulphonation and bromination ; Uses of aniline.
Unit 17. Organometallic Compounds : 2 teaching hours
Introduction, general formula and examples of organolithium, organocopper and organocadmium compounds; Nature of Metal-Carbon bond ; Grignard reagent : Preparation ( using haloalkane and haloarene) ; Reaction of Grignard reagent with water, aldehydes and ketones ( preparation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols), carbon dioxide, HCN, RCN, ester and acid chloride
Applied Chemistry : 13 teaching hours.
Unit 18. Chemistry in the Service of Mankind : 4 teaching hours
Polymers : Addition and condensation polymers ; Elastomers and fibres; Natural and synthetic polymers ; Some synthetic polymers (polythene, PVC, Teflon, polystyrene, nylon and bakelite; Dyes : Introduction; Types of dyes on the basis of structure and method of application; Drugs :Characteristics of drugs; Natural and synthetic drugs ; Classification of some common drugs; Habit farming drugs and drug addiction ; Pesticides : Introduction to insecticides, herbicides and fungicides
Unit 19. Cement : 4 teaching hours
Introduction ; Raw materials for cement production ; Main steps in cement production ( crushing and grinding, strong heating and final grinding); Types of cement- OPC and PPC; Portland cement process with flow-sheet diagram ; Cement Industry in Nepal.
Unit 20. Paper and Pulp : 3 teaching hours
Introduction ; Raw materials ; Sources of raw materials; Stages in production of paper; Flow-sheet diagram for paper production ; Quality of paper.
Unit 21. Nuclear Chemistry and Application of radioactivity :
Natural and artificial radioactivity; Units of radioactivity; Nuclear reactions ; Nuclear fission and fusion reactions ; Nuclear power and nuclear weapons ; Industrial uses of radioactivity ; Medical uses of radioactivity ; Radiocarbon dating ; Harmful effects of nuclear radiations.
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